Lecture Notes: Celebrity Culture

Juliet Margaret Cameron
The history of the celebrity began with the advent of celebrity portraits in the Pictorialist tradition- the period of the late 19th early 20th century
A style that imitated painting: soft focus, toning such as sepia, romantic/theatrical themes
The Bride (1869) 

Mariana (1875)

The sitters are often acting out scenes from mythology or that have religious themes.Certain members of society were chosen to be subjects of photographical portraits, cementing their place as a celebrity or well known member of society, including two sisters called Christina and Marie who were well known in society as beautiful, educated, and cultured women. Both sisters posed for famous Aesthetic artists like Whistler and Victorian artists such as Dante Gabriel Rossetti.

Male celebrities also had their photographs taken, such as the english poet Alfred Lord Tennyson, however, they were given a different treatment photographically: in images of men, they appear to be more solid, and the image is less ethereal, more realistic than fantastical. Tennyson looks stoic and wise as opposed to the vulnerability of the female portraits. The pioneer of the motion picture: Louis Aime Augustin Le PrinceThe first to shoot a moving image on paper film using a single lens camera.

Black and white film, something that has been revisited as a genre recently by The Artist (2011) which went onto be a massive critical success.

Josephine Baker 1906-1975

Baker costumed for the Danse banane from the Folies Bergères production Un Vent de Folie in Paris in 1927.
Her success coincides with the Art Deco movement which takes influence from African art.

Had a pet Cheetah which sometimes escaped into the orchestra pit.
Baker was a muse for contemporary authors, painters, designers, and sculptors including Langston Hughes, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Pablo Picasso. 
The sense that a celebrity has to be or have a personality larger than life to be remembered for a long time, and her style and performances are still an influence in popular culture today, particularly with stars such as Beyonce, whose costumes have been influenced by Bakers. 

Golden Age of Hollywood.

Between 1927 and 1960
The Jazz Singer is the first feature-length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences
The Golden Age of Hollywood produced some of the most famous and infamous actors/actresses.
Clark Gable was seen as the King of Hollywood, starred opposite many star actresses on stage and in silent films. He was also part of the US Army Air Corps during WW2, which he joined after suffering immense heartbreak at the death of his wife, who died in a plane crash coming home from a War Bond drive. His career had been at a high before his departure, but upon arriving home after three years of service, his career descended, and he died relatively young of a heart attack. 

Bette Davis

Known for willingness to play unlikeable characters
Mildred in Of Human Bondage (1934), and Regina Giddens in The Little Foxes (1941).
Married a man who claimed he had never heard of her 

Marilyn Monroe
One of the most iconic female actresses of Hollywood, thanks to her dramatic and tragic life. 
She was regarded as one of the world's most beautiful women, and seen as a sex symbol. She had several high profile relationships with famous men including Arthur Miller and the Kennedys. Her private life was tainted by depression and she died very young, which actually cemented her position as an icon of Hollywood. A dramatic life to compliment and overshadow her career.
Andy Warhol's iconic pop art print which is a colourful repeat print of Monroe's face.

Her face becomes a mask as it is endlessly repeated in publicity, the news,
The idea that there is a different woman underneath ie: Norma Jean Baker prevails
Circumstances of her death seem to confirm/not confirm this simultaneously as she becomes ‘myth’. 

Warhol also creates a print of Elvis Presley, uses an image of him acting the classic American hero- the cowboy
Blurs our vision, reminds us that the image is all we can see
His home Graceland is a place of pilgrimage for fans, then a museum after his death. 

John F Kennedy

A Celebrity politician- youth and good looks
Television speeches
Fashionable beautiful wife - Jackie O, considered a style icon.

His death in 1963 was filmed not by professionals but by the public who caught it on camera.

Celebrities in popular music.

The Jacksons, family of musicians, became a brand.  
1971 The Jackson 5 had an animated cartoon on TV

1976 they star in a comedy where they act as themselves 
The family dynamic produced a very specific USP for them, which they exploited for marketing purposes - a positive image of family in America, although behind the scenes this was not so. 
Michael Jackson is the prime example of the group who suffered as a result of being part of the family band, he was abused by his father, as well as the rest of the band, but being the youngest, he was seen to take it the hardest. As he grew up, he undertook drastic plastic surgery to dramatically alter his appearance, perhaps in an attempt to lessen his resemblance to his father. The most obvious of the changes to his face are his nose and skin colour. In terms of his career, he was an idol and incredibly successful, but this was marred by his odd and disturbing private life which included accusations of child abuse and unusual outbursts including hanging his child out of a balcony window.
The perfect example of the dangers and pitfalls of fame and growing up in the spotlight. 
Defines the tragic 'child star', something of a Hollywood cliche. 

Madonna: the Postmodern star
Recycles the Golden Era of Hollywood in her music videos, such as Material Girl which is a pastiche Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend starring Marilyn Monroe. 
Becomes known for reinventing herself for each new record, adds to her appeal and makes her iconic. 
Costumes created for her are memorable, controversial and dramatic to help create this sense of an icon. 

Lady Gaga is seen to be pretty much a copy/modern version of Madonna: similar style of music, obvious recycling of her images and a need to shock with her costumes, such as a meat dress. However, her career is unlikely to span Madonnas because of this obvious relation, what she is doing is not really unique in the sense that she is copying a copy, and her attempts to be edgy now are a more transparent marketing ploy, and her attempts to be shocking are not really shocking at all, or are shocking for the sake of it without meaning, and there is no value in it. 

The invention of Youtube and Twitter opened up the world of celebrity. 
Twitter made celebrities accessible: you can communicate with them, follow the everyday details of their life, and ultimately feel connected to them despite still not knowing them intimately. Blurs the line between celebrity and normality. 
Youtube opened up the world of celebrity in the sense that it allowed ordinary people to upload videos and have them viewed all over the world. The videos could be shared via the internet creating traffic for the video, and it has helped certain people to become celebrities in an unconventional way, such as Justin Bieber, who performed songs on youtube before being discovered. 

Individual Practice - Research into Very

As I have decided to work on the YCN Very,co,uk brief, I thought it was necessary to research a little into the company to look at their existing graphic design, as well as view their brand guidelines to see the design direction that they require students to take into account when designing for them. 

A lot of the information I could find was not directly produced by them, until I looked at their brand guidelines, which gave a clearer idea of their target audience and the way they view their brand and would like it to be presented. 

Very seem to view themselves as a very bold, fresh and youthful brand, and they have a very strong tone of voice that they would like to communicate, but I'm not sure that the way they go about it accurately targets the market they say they are aiming at, which is slightly older than the graphic design would indicate. The whole online department store shopping experience is something that appeals more to slightly older women, who are likely to be either stay at home mothers or working professionals (or both), who need the convenience of a one stop shop to complement their busy lifestyles.
At the moment, their style of design is a little too teenager (too bold, colourful and cheesy), which I'm sure would alienate anyone past the age of 25. In honesty, it alienates me slightly, and I'm 21. They do say that students are also a part of their audience, but they would have less disposable income than their more grown up counterparts, so it makes sense to address the women with the most money to spend first and foremost.

Critical Positions on Popular Culture

Theoretical discipline of cultural studies.

What is the difference between high culture and popular culture/mass culture?

The social function of culture.

What is culture?
Raymond Williams
One of the most complex words in the english language.
More definitions become apparent, it can mean several things.
A culture that is had by people, a set of ideas, a body of artistic works, a process of intellectual spiritual and aesthetic development of a particular society at a particular time.

Marx's Concept of Base/Superstructure

Base
Forces of production - Materials, tools, workers, skills etc
Reactions of production - Employer/employee, Class, Master, Slave etc

Superstructure
Social Institutions - Legal, political, cultural
Forms of Consciousness - Ideology

"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles"

Everything about society is borne from the Base.

We live in a capitalist society, with capitalist production methods.
Some provide a service (the labourers/workers), some make money off of the service being created (employers/employees).
Culture emerges from and reflects the base. Culture can then structure the base.
Culture is a product of capitalism, capitalism solidifies it. Cycle produced.

The proletariat - The workers and labourers. The base reality of the world.
The bourgeoisie - The privileged class who take advantage of the proletariat.

Culture produced by the material reality of the world.
What is Popular Culture?
Raymond Williams (1983) 'Keywords'
4 definitions of Popular

1. Well liked by many people.
2. Inferior kinds of work.
3. Work deliberately setting out to win favour with the people.
4. Culture actually made by the people themselves. 

Culture made by the masses for the masses.

High vs Low
The difference between what is deemed as high culture and what is seen as popular culture.
Value judgement required by the viewer to decide what they view as a high or low.
High often seen as of a higher quality, often favoured by the elite.
Low is often favoured by the masses.

Graffiti - Authentic popular culture.
Was created by the base for the base.
But high culture has then taken it into the context of the art gallery and it has become seen as a form of art.
Does it then belong to the masses, or is it now deemed as high culture?
High culture stealing what is seen as popular culture.

The development of popular culture mid 19th century.
The development of heavy industrialisation and the process of urbanisation.
Hyper development of industrial capitalism.
There were very clear class divides that began to emerge, particularly because of mass factory work. It became clear who was working and who was the boss. The employers (seen as the bourgeoisie) benefited from their physical labour and became the affluent class.
High culture was created by the rich, but there was an illusion that culture was a shared thing.
A division between the classes was obvious.
Autonomous working class culture began to develop. Made by people for people.
Entrepreneurs began to emerge from the working classes.
Working classes produced literature based on the class experience.

The taste makers (the rich) created a backlash against the working class culture.
Matthew Arnold (1867) 'Culture and Anarchy'
Culture is
The best that has been thought and said in the world.
Study of perfection.
Attained through disinterested reading, writing and thinking. Anything with an agenda isn't culture.
The pursuit of culture
Seeks "to minister the diseased spirit of our times."

Argued that the world wouldn't be such a terrible place if we had only high culture created by the bourgeoisie.

Culture polices 'the raw and uncultivated masses'
The working class...raw and half developed...long lain half hidden amidst it's poverty and squalor...now issuing from it's hiding place to assert the englishmans heaven born privilege to do as he likes..."

Popular culture is like a disease.

Leavisism - F.R Leavis and Q.D Leavis
Still forms a kind of repressed, common sense attitude to poplar culture in this country.
For Leavis - C20th sees a cultural decline.
Standardisation and levelling down.
'Culture has always been in 'minority keeping'
'the minority, who has hitherto set the standard of taste without any serious challenge have a experienced a 'collapse of authority'

Collapse of traditional authority comes at the same as mass democracy (anarchy)
Nostalgia for an era when the masses exhibited an unquestioning deference to cultural authority.
Popular culture offers addictive forms of detraction and compensation.
'This form of compensation...is the very reverse of recreation, i that it tends not to strengthen and refresh the addict for living, but to increase his unfitness by habituation him to weak evasions, to the refusal to face reality at all.'

For Leavis, mass culture produces a threat to authority.

Frankfurt School - Critical Theory
Institute of social research, University of Frankfurt, 1923-33
University of columbia new york 1933-47
University of Frankfurt, 1949-

Theodore Adorno
Max Horkheimer
Herbert Marcuse
Leo Lowenthal
Walter Benjamin

Doesn't present a threat, it strengthens and maintains the capitalist system.

Adorno and Horkheimer
Reinterpreted Marx, for the 20th century - era of late capitalism
Defined The culture industry
2 Main products - homogeneity and predictability

All mass culture is identical
'As soon as the film begins, it is quite clear how it will end, and who will be rewarded, punished or forgotten'
Everything is formulaic, the same.

Herbert Marcuse
Popular Culture v Affirmative Culture
Produces a way of behaving that supports the current system and allows it to continue,
Why do people not resist the feeling of mass exploitation? (Theorised at a time of Nazi Germany)

Indoctrinates you, promotes a false consciousness which immune against its falsehood.
'It militates against qualitative change. '
'This emerges a pattern of one dimensional though and behaviour.'
Culture acts like a fog, makes it seem like the world is good, despite its problems.
Popular Culture serves to depoliticise.
Stops us revolting against the system.

Products of the contemporary culture industry.
Big Brother
X Factor - Mass exploitation - Emotionally manipulated by the producers and editors of the programmes. Mass system of consumption.
Che Guevara t-shirts - Genuine revolutionary who has become a guy on a t-shirt. Some who wear the t-shirts may not understand Che's politics.

Adorno on 'popular music'
Standardisation
Social Cement
Produces passivity through rhythmic and emotional adjustment.

An endless chain of consumption.

Walter Benjamin
'The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction'
Meaning is prescribed at the point of production. Another possibility where you can create meaning at the point of reception/consumption.
Able to actively engage with mass culture. We can create our own meanings.

Subculture and Style Lecture Notes

In sociology, anthropology and cultural studies, a subculture is defined as a group of people that differentiates themselves from the larger culture that they belong to. 

Skateboarding and subculture
Riot Grrrl Movement
Youth subculture in film and media

Skateboarding subculture
Dogtown and Z Boys

Skater Peggy Oki















Ian Borden 'Performing the City'





















Urban street skating is more ‘political’ than 1970’s skateboarding‘s use of found terrains: street skating generates new uses that at once work within (in time and space) and negate the original ones.

Lords of Dogtown (2005)

“Skateboarders do not so much temporarily escape from the routinized world of school family and social conventions as replace it with a whole new way of life.” (Borden:2001) 

Parkour
• amethodofmovement focused on moving around obstacles with speed and efficiency. Originally developed in France, the main purpose of the discipline is to teach participants how to move through their environment by vaulting, rolling, running, climbing and jumping. Parkour practitioners are known as traceurs 

Free running
• a form of urban acrobatics in which participants, known as free runners, use the city and rural landscape to perform movements through its structures
• places more emphasis on freedom of movement and creativity than efficiency.

Graffiti subculture 

Nancy McDonald The Graffiti Subculture
• Here (on the street) real life and the issues which may divide and influence it, are put on pause.
On this liminal terrain you are not black, white rich or poor.
Unless you are female, ‘you are what you write’. 
McDonald suggests that women come to the subculture laden with the baggage of gender in that her physicality (her looks) and her sexuality will be commented on critically in a way that male writers do not experience

Swoon (US)
• “In the meantime there was a lot of attention coming my way for being female, and it just made me feel alienated and objectified, not to mention patronized.
‘Look at what girls can do-aren’t they cute?’ To hell with that shit. I don’t want it.” 

Angela Mc Robbie and Jenny Garber
• Girl subcultures may have become more invisible because the very term ‘subculture’ has acquired such strong masculine overtones (1977) 

Motorbike Girl

Brigitte Bardot 1960’s
• Suggests sexual deviance which is a fantasy not reflective of most conventional real life femininity at the time
Hells Angels

Inrockerandmotorbike culture girls usually rode pillion
• Wills1978:girlsdidnot enter into the cameraderie, competion and knowledge of the machine

• In this subculture women were either girlfriend of.. Or ‘mama’ figure 

 Mod girl

• Mod culture springs from working class teenage consumerism in the 1960’s in the UK
• Teenage girls worked in cities in service industries for example, or in clothing shops where they are encouraged to model the boutique clothing.

Quadrophenia (1979)

Hebdige outlines the hierarchies within the mod subculture where “the ‘faces’ or ‘stylists’ who made up the original coterie were defined against the unimaginative majority...who were accused of trivialising the mod style” 


Hippy Girl

Subculture arises through universities
of the late 60’s and early 70’s
• Middle class girl therefore has the space to explore subculture for longer before family etc.
• Space for leisure without work: encourages ‘personal expression’ 

Riot Grrrl
90's onwards
Underground punk movement in the United States, based in Washington DC, Olympia, Portland, Oregon and the greater Pacific Northwest. 

Bands
• Bikini Kill, Bratmobil, Excuse 17, Heavens to Betsy, Fifth Column, Calamity Jane, Huggy Bear, Adickdid, Emily's Sassy Lime, The Frumpies, The Butchies, Sleater- Kinney, Bangs and also queercore like Team Dresch 

Influences and origins:
• The Raincoats, Poly Styrene, LiLiPUT, The Slits, The Runaways/Joan Jett, Patti Smith, Chrissie Hynde, Exene Cervenka, Siouxsie Sioux, Lydia Lunch, Kim Gordon, Neo Boys, Chalk Circle, Ut, Bush Tetras, Frightwig, Anti-Scrunti Faction, Scrawl.

Wolfe and Molly Neuman collaborated with Kathleen Hanna and Tobi Vail to create a new zine and called it Riot Grrrl, combining the "riot" with an oft-used phrase that first appeared in Vail's fanzine Jigsaw "Revolution Grrrl Style Now”. 

What makes this a true subculture?
• Zines revived from 1970’s DIY punk ethic
• In turn this was influenced by posters and graphic design from the Dadaists in the 1920’s 30’s
• Women self- publishing their own music 

Media attention turns to Grunge scene
• Courtney Love and
Hole
• Style without the subculture
• Distorts even further as the 90’s continue into the more more media friendly Spice Girls use of phrase “Girl Power” 

Spice Girls
• Band styling presents a set of visual ‘types’ that are easily consumable by the target audience
• There is no empowerment for young women as there is nothing but the reduction of young women to cartoon representations 


“Subcultures represent ‘noise’ (as opposed to sound): interference in the orderly sequence which leads from real events and phenomena to their representation in the media.”

Subcultural signs like dress styles and music are turned into mass produced objects

• Eg: clothing which is ripped as an anarchic anti-fashion statement becomes mass produced with rips as part of the design

A threat to the family?

• Womens Own 1977 runs a feature on “Punks and Mothers”, smiling, reclining next to the family pool etc.
• Non political threat that ultimately will not disturb traditional values

• Hebdige suggests that the press set up this perceived threat as away of neutralising something that could not be conceived by the petit-bourgeois therefore has to be ‘domesticated’ 

Zandra Rhodes 9ct White Gold Diamond Safety Pin Brooch
• Although punk seems to challenge eventually and surprisingly quickly it goes mainstream/high end and is turned into “To shock chic” which marks the end of the movement as a subculture.

“Style in particular provokes a double response (in the media): it is alternately

celebrated (in the fashion page) and ridiculed or reviled (in those articles which define subcultures as social problems)”

Seminar - Panopticism

Design for Print - Print Costings

Print costings taken from Paper Chase Press

Lecture Notes - Cities and Film

The City in Modernism
The possibility of an urban sociology
The city as a public and private space
The city in postmodernism
The relation of the individual to the crowd in the city

George Simmel 1858-1918
German sociologist who wrote Metropolis and Mental Life in 1903
Dresden Exhibiton 1903
Simmel is asked to lecture on the role of intellectual life in the city but instead reverses the idea and writes about the effect of the city on the individual
How you negotiate traffic, other pedestrians etc
Herbert Bayer Lonely Metropolitan 1932
Fragmented subject, fragmented body - surrealist, influenced by psychoanalysis and Freud

Urban Sociology
Lewis Hine 1932
Picturing a vulnerable body in relation to the vastness of the city
George Simmel: 'The resistance of the individual to being levelled, swallowed up in the social-technological mechanism.
How to survive it, or adapt to it.

Architect Louis Sullivan 1856-1924
Creator of the modern skyscraper.
Guaranty Building
Organic decoration influenced by the arts and crafts movement
As Sullivan's work progresses, he works on the modernist principle of form following function.
Beginning to dictate how people use the space he creates.

A fire in Chicago in 1871 cleared buildings, giving Louis Sullivan the chance to create new aspirational buildings. Skyscrapers represent the upwardly mobile city of business opportunity.

Charles Scheeler worked at Ford Company. Commissioned to photograph the plant at River Rouge, Detroit.
Abstract images of industrial forms. Arrangement of the forms in space, influenced by the art of the time.
Fordism: mechanised labour relations
A phrase coined by Antonio Gramsci in his essay "Americanism and Fordism".
"The eponymous manufacturing system designed to spew out standardised, low cost goods and afford its workers decent enough wages to buy them"
A repetitive cycle in which you work to buy the products you produce.

Modern Times (1936) Charlie Chaplin

Stock Market Crash of 1929
Factories close and unemployment goes up dramatically
Leads to the "Great Depression"
An extreme between the haves and the have nots.

Flaneur
French word, means stroller, lounger, saunterer, loafer - upper class gentleman. Has to have time to observe and stroll around the city.
Idleness deemed as creativity.

Charles Baudelaire
The nineteenth century poet Charles Baudelaire proposes a version of the Flaneur that of a person who walks the city in order to experience it.
The idea that art should capture it.

Walter Benjamin
Adopts the concept of the urban observer as an analytical tool and as a lifestyle as seen in his writings.
Berlin Chronicle/Berlin childhood

Photography as Flaneur
Susan Sontag
Photographer armed version of the solitary walker, stalking and cruising the urban inferno, a voyeuristic stroller who discovers the city as a landscape of voluptuous extremes.
Street photography - Paul Strand modernist street photography.

Flaneuse
The invisible Flaneuse. The experience of a woman in the city.
Janet Wolff
Theory Culture and Society November 1985 vol.2 no 3 37-46
Women didn't have the same freedom as men to walk around experiencing the city. Flaneur fails to describe the female experience.

Susan Buck-Morss
The Dialietics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades

Arbus/Hopper
Woman at the counter smoking NYC 1962
Automat 1927
By themselves, in a vast space. Overwhelmed by the space.
Sense of forboding. Sense of dread, anticipated negativity.

Sophie Calle Suite Venitienne 1980
Photographer

Venice
City as a labyrinth of streets and alleyways in which you can get lost but at the same time will always end up back where you begin.
Don't look now (1973)
Nicholas Roeg

The Detective (1980)
Wants to provide photographic evidence of her existence
His photos and notes on her are displayed next to her photos and notes about him , set in Paris

Cindy Sherman Untitled Film Stills
Snap shot moments of an isolated individual in a vast urban setting.

Shots of the world trade centre.
Doesn't look like New York, mysterious, unidentifiable locations. The individual projects their own images into the image themselves.

Postmodernism

LA Noire
Incorporated MotionScan, actors were recorded the capture facial expressions from every angle. You as the player must investigate and judge the people you meet to see who is responsible for the crimes being committed. Set in LA in the 40s/50s.

Ridley Scott Bladerunner - Mix between the past and the future, LA in 2019.

Walker Evans Many are Called (1938)
Concealed camera
People going about their daily business
Haunting quality

Postmodern City

Futura Research - Typography Workshop

Futura is a geometric sans serif typeface that was originally designed by German designer Paul Renner between 1924 and 1926. Renner, prior to designing the initial letterforms that would become Futura, was a publication designer in Munich from 1908 to 1917. He was also the principal of the Printing Trade School in Munich and director of the Master School for Germany’s Printers.

Contrary to popular belief in the world of typography, Renner nor his typefaces were ever officially affiliated with the Bahaus movement of design in Germany in the 1920s. Even though he was never a part of the Bahaus school, Renner became a supporter of the movement, specifically of what was coined as the “New Typography.” This “New Typography” rejected the idea of arranging text in symmetrical columns in advertising, as had been the tradition, in favor of treating the printed page as an open field that was filled with blocks of type and illustration arranged in an asymmetrical fashion. The idea, given legs at the Bahaus school by designer Jan Tschichold in his book Die Neue Typographie (1928), became a strong element in the movement of modernist design and defined commercial print design for years to come.

In 1927, The year before Tschichold’s book was published, the Bauer Type Foundry released Futura commercially. The typeface, though preceded by other faces with varying degrees of similarity, became exceptionally popular and was a integral part in the movement toward Geometric Modernism. The forward thinking style of the typeface would prove to be timeless in the world of design.

When Renner began his sketches for Futura, he based the letters heavily on geometric forms, avoiding unnecessary embellishment in each character. This can be seen below in the initial letterforms (left), an idea that translated to an exceptionally clean and efficient typeface (right) that looks fresh even today. Futura bears the mark of a classic geometric face — a circular “O,” a simple lowercase “a,” and a relatively unified balance between character sizes.

Futura stood in contrast to other popular typefaces of the day, establishing a usable geometric style. Differences between Futura and the ever popular Helvetica (released in 1957 by the Haas Type Foundry) can be seen below. Despite its usability, Futura is generally referred to as a display face because of its low readability when set in small blocks of copy.

In addition to being a fresh new typeface and spurring modernism in print design in the late 1920s, Futura became the visual voice for a shift in the way advertising was done. 
taken from Type 101

Design for Print Visual Research

This is a collection of images that I have looked at to see what kind of formats my print guide could take in terms of how it would be presented to the viewer. I think that all of these images work well at making the publication or information seem engaging, and my favourites are the Design Assembly publication, and the McDonald's colour guidelines book.

Fedrigoni by Design Project

Heron Tower by ico Design

McDonalds Colour Guidelines by Morse Studio

Design Assembly by Matt Judge

Taken from September Industry

Print Visit - Beyond Print

http://www.fineprintuk.com/